Introduction To Computer Networking
by Mr.(Sumit)
Data Communication
When we communicate or we are sharing information, this information can ve local, remote between individuals. Local communication tasks over a distance.
Components of Communication
Message : The message is the information to be communicated popular forms of information usually text, number,pictures,audio and video.
Sender : The sender is the device that send the data message. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera and so on.
Reciver : The receiver is the device that receiver the message. It can be a computer, telephone handset, video camera and so on .
Transmission medium : The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver. Some example of transmission medium include twisted pair wire, coaxial cable fiber, optics cable, and radio wave.
Protocol : A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication devices. Without a protocol two device may be connected but not communicating just as a person speaking French cannot be understood by a person who speaks only Japanese.
Data flow
Communication between two devices can be simplex, half duplex, or full duplex.
Networks
A network is a set of device (often referred as modes ) connected by communication links. A node can be a compiler, printer or any other device capable of sending and/ or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
Type of connections :-
Point to point : A point to point connection provide dedicated between these two devices. Most point to point connection are used an actual length of wire, are cable to connect the two ends. Put other options, such as microwaves or satalite links are also possible.
Multipoint : A multipoint (also called multi drop) connection is one in which more than two specific device share a single link. In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is slurped, either spatially or temporally. Several devices can use the links in same time.
Physical Topology
The term physical topology refer to the way in which a network is and out physically. One or more device connect to a link, two or more links from a topology. The topology of a network is the geometry represent data of the relationship of all the links and linking device. (usually called nodes) to on another. There are four basic topologies possible. Mesh, star, bus and ring.
Mesh topology : In a mesh topology every device has a dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between the two device it connects.
Star Topology : star topology is a topology in which devices are directly connected with a main devices called 'hub' bub remain in the center and no devices are connected directly to each other unlike mech topology. There is no direct traffic between two device if a devices want to send data to other device, first it has to send data to hub, then hub relays it to other device.
Bus Topology : The preceding examples all describe point to point connections, a bus topology, on the other hand, is multipoint. One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.
Ring Topology : In ring topology, each device has a dedicated point to point connection with only the two devices on either side of it. A single is passed along the ring in one direction from device to device until it reached its destination. It is basically a bus topology without open ends.
Local Area Networking (LAN)
Local area networks, within a single building or campus of up to few kilometer in size. They are widely used to connect personal computer and workstation in company offices and factories to share resource and exchange information.
LANs we distinguished from other kind of networks by there characteristics:
- Their size
- Their transmission
- Their topology
Traditional LANs run at speeds of 10 Mbps have low delay and make very few errors. Never LANs operate at up to 10gbps. various topology are possible for broadcast LANs.
Metropolitan Area Networking (MAN)
A metropolitan area networking or man, covers a city. The best known example of man is the cable television network available in many cities. System grew from earlier community antenna system used in with poor over the air telivision reception. In these early system a large antena was placed on top of a nearly hill and single was than piped to the subsciber's house.
Wide Area Networking (WAN)
A wide networking or wan , spam a large geographical area. Often a country or continent. It contains a collection of machines interned for uses programs. These machines are called hoste. The host are connected by a communication subnet is typically owned and operated by a telephone company or internet service provider.
The Internet
The internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the way we spend our leisure time.
History of Internet
A network is a group of connected communicating device such as computers and printers. An internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. The most notable internet is called the Internet a collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of inter connected networks. Private individuals as well as various organization, such as government agencies, schools, research facilities, corporations, and libraries in more than 100 countries use the internet. This extraordinary communication system came nto being 1969.
Protocol and Standards
In computer networks, communication occurs between entities in different system. An entity is anything capable of sending or receiving information. Hower two entities cannot simple send bit streams to each communication to occur the entities must agree on a protocol.
A protocol is a set of rule that governs data communication a protocol defines what is communicated, how it is communication when it is communicated the key element of protocol are syntax, schematics and timing. The TCP/IP reference model : the TCP/IP reference model was developed prior to OSI model. The major design. THis model uses :
- To connect multiple networks together so that they appears as a single network.
- To serve s after partial subnet hardware failure.
- To provide a flexible architecture.
Other Important Topic :-
Difficult Word in blog :-
Communicate - बातचीत करना
Individuals - व्यक्तियो
Coaxial - समाक्षीय
Transmission - हस्तांतरण
Twisted - मूड़
Optics - प्रकाशिकी
Duplex - दोहरा
Refered - संदर्à¤ित
Compiler - संकलक
Actual - वास्तविक
Specific - विशिष्ट
Slurped - घिसा हुआ
Spatially - स्थानिक
Topology - टोपोलोजी
Dedicated - समर्पित
Carries - किया जाता हैं
Relays - रिले
Distinguished - विशिष्ट
Broadcast - प्रसारण
Piped - पाइप
Schematics - सच्चाइमेटिक्स
Appear - के जैसा लगना
Subnet - सबनेट
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